Communication and Different Reasons

SHC21 Introduction to communication in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings. Outcome 1: 1. Identify different reasons why people communicate. People communicate for lots of different reasons some of these are these are to build and maintain relationships i. e family, parenting and community relationships. Communication is used by people to conduct business and commerce, people also communicate to learn and educate. Communication is also used for pleasure for e. . story telling, film, music and theatre it is also necessary for emotional intimacy. 2. Explain how effective communication affects all aspects of own work Effective communication helps us to exchange all information within the working environment, it helps us express are feelings/emotions and how we feel when working in certain situations. Using effective communication can help you get positive messages across when needed and can also help create a good atmosphere. 3. Similar article: Show How and When to Seek Advice About CommunicationExplain why it is important to observe an individual’s reactions when communicating It is important to observe individuals reactions when communicating as it helps give you feedback on how they are reacting to the information being giving to them it can also help you get a clearer understanding of what communication skill they are comfortable using and what communication skills they understand. Outcome 2: 1. Find out an individual’s communication and language needs, wishes, and preferences 2. Show how and when to seek advice about communicationWhile working at the nursery if I came across a situation with one of the children, e. g. they speak a different language, I would ask a higher member of staff what communication skills I could use that would help the child understand or if there are any key words in his/hers language I could use when communicating with them. I would also approach the parents and ask if there are any words they would like me to learn to help make the child more comfortable when communicating with me. Outcome 3: 1. Identify barriers to communicationThere are many different barriers that you can come across when communicating here are a few examples: Language: English may not be someone’s first language so you must take into consideration other ways of communicating with this individual. Noise: various things can stop a message from getting heard e. g. background noise, distraction or too many people talking. Distracting gestures: Fidgeting with pens, fingers or making inappropriate gestures can help create a barrier in communication as it can be distracting to the individual you are communicating with.Eye contact: Lack of eye contact can make an individual feel as if your not interested or not paying attention, it could make them feel awkward and not want to continue the conversation. 2. Identify sources of information and support or services to enabl e more effective communication Outcome 4: 1. Explain the term confidentiality There are different types of confidentiality and different examples but the main definition of confidentiality is: Confidentiality is a set of rules or a promise that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information. . Describe situations where information normally considered to be confidential might need to be passed on If a child in the care of the nursery shows signs of any kind of abuse this could be sexually, physically or mentally, as carers of these children we have the right to pass this information on to higher members of staff or to possibly notify social services therefore we would need to pass on the child’s personal information if it is requested in this type of situation. 3. Explain how and when to seek advice about confidentialityA care worker should get advice about confidentiality when a situation arises and they feel it may need to be broken as keeping such info rmation to yourself causes you concern as it could result in harm to the person you are supporting or to someone else. To get further information refer to your organisations policy on confidentiality and the disclosure of such information and if in any doubt ask your manager for further assistance. The only time you seek advice when a child has spoken to you in confidentiality is when that person is in danger for e. g. if the child is being sexually abused, physically abused etc.

Read the case study “I Thought I Gave Them Everything, Essay

Read the case study, â€Å"I Thought I Gave Them Everything,† on page 423 in the textbook. This case study involves interpersonal and intrapersonal communication competencies. Examine and evaluate this communication situation by providing detailed responses to the three discussion questions found at the end of the case study. Examine and evaluate this communication situation. †¢Provide detailed responses to the three discussion questions found at the end of the case study. †¢Directly reference the theories of motivation you have learned about in this unit, and the 10 work-related evaluation items listed on page 176 of the text to help explain your thoughts, reasoning, and insights. The case study of â€Å"I Thought I Gave Them Everything† discusses Henry Gonzales a manager of Quality Foods. Henry is known for his hard work and dedication to the organization; he keeps himself busy and has the most successful store within the organization. Henry is upset as â€Å"he recently found out two of his leading supervisors had requested transfers to other Quality stores.† (Shockley, 2012) Henry’s emotional response is caught up in expectations and assumptions of why his employees may be leaving. He doesn’t really know, nor does he have any facts to support his emotional response, therefore he has taken it personal. I would advise Henry to assume nothing, and seek the facts before making any judgments concerning the situation or his supervisors that wish to transfer to other stores. I would also remind Henry that given enough time, everyone leaves. It is notable that Henry is subject to Gerald Salancik and Jeffery Pfeffer’s Social Information Processing Theory; â€Å"A person’s needs and attitudes are determined by the information available at any given time.† (Shockley, 2012) Henry’s motivation for communication with his two supervisors surrounds his internal need for safety as it correlates to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. As witnessed by Henry’s internal probing questions his mind is looking for safety as he has taken their actions as his own failures. I would advise Henry to think about what he wishes to achieve before approaching his supervisors. This is an opportunity for understanding and growth within his store, therefore it is best to come from a place of curiosity. It would also be good if Henry understood his communication competencies that run parallel with his assumptions that his store is the best, his supervisors required hand-holding and they need more of his time. All of these assumptions build from his perception that these individuals don’t see what they are doing, and Henry is in a place superiority. It’s generally best policy to let people manage their own lives and make their own decisions. While communication can bridge the gap in assessing others needs and desires to seek employment elsewhere, making these types of assumptions, Henry is placing his supervisors overall competencies low, and this places him at a direct disadvantage when he approaches them for communication. In addition to educating Henry about his assumptions, expectations, motivations and competencies it would be good for Henry to have a basic understanding of general employee motivations as they relate to needs. If Henry is approaching this from a learning perspective it may be a good idea to perform an exit interview with these employees and have them rank there satisfaction using the 10 work-related evaluation items. This would give Henry a clear indication of how he might better meet his employee’s needs in the future, and may even allow for retention of these existing employees. In communication, you must remember that you don’t get what you don’t ask for, if Henry’s desire is to retain these two supervisors, he might want to consider asking them directly what he may be able to do to retain their services. It is noted that Henry does have a pay incentive plan already in place, so salary may not be what is needed for retention. The study also mentions that Henry’s is a busy manager and may have lost touch with these employees. If this is the case, he should be sensitive in his initial approach, and seek to understand if these employees have a sense of belonging. Overall I would suggest that Henry not make this about him, or a direct reflection of him. References Shockley-Zalabak, P.S. (2012). Fundamentals of Organizational Communication: Knowledges, Sensitivity, Skills, Values. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Icts

The purpose of this assignment Students who successfully complete this assignment will be able to present critical arguments around ICTs for development projects and demonstrate their capabilities related to engaging with textual and numerical data to present information in a presentation format. Locate any project where ICTs were applied in contexts such as those described in this chapter, in your local community, own city, province or country, or elsewhere in the world and/or that you have been involved with. Ensure that you identify the following aspects in your case study: 1.Title of the project 2. Website address(es) that provide information about the project 3. Introduction & Background, including details on the project o Rationale (what was the reason for the project/why was it needed? ) o Start date, duration (this far) and status (ongoing, completed, etc. ) 4. A description of the project, including details on o The ICT4D solutions that was used in the project o The strength s and weaknesses of the project 5. You could also add things like o Major partners o Major stakeholders Who initiated the process? o Who were the target beneficiaries? o Who were the service providers? o How did the initiative work? o Was there a local champion (some-one from the local community who represented the interests of that community)? Create a PowerPoint presentation of no more than 8 slides that provide the information as detailed above. Submit your presentation via the Dropbox facility. |Assessment rubric for Assignment 9 | |0 |Nothing submitted 0% | |1 |One or more, but NOT all, of the required aspects have been addressed |10% | |2 | |20% | |3 | |30% | |4 | |40% | |5 |All required aspects have been addressed |50% | |6 |Additional aspects added and/or |65% | |7 |A project from the student's local community, own city, province or country and/or that the student was involved | | |8 |with is presented | |

ECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ECONOMICS - Essay Example The recovering signs of the world economy due to good performance by the policymakers led to the fall of gold prices as the demand for gold fell due to higher return on investment in other class of assets. Gold, Long a Secure Investment, Loses Its Luster: Background overview During the period of economic recession, the prices of gold soared and became the sought after investment for the investors. The rise in the prices of gold meant that the world economy was not performing well. Due to the economic recession and the global financial meltdown from 2008 to 2011, the gold prices reached its highest peak in 2011. This could be observed from the producer price index as given below. Due to the crisis in the economy, the total factor productivity of the nations was hit and the factors of production were affected due to the downturn of the economies. The crisis in the economy gave rise to a situation of liquidity crisis. The fall in income levels of the people led to the fall in consumptio n demand in the economy. Due to this, the productivity of the business houses and industrial bodies fell. The fall in revenue and profitability led to the erosion of wealth of the shareholders and market investors. Along with this the erosion of confidence of the investors on the stock performance of the companies led to the fall of valuation of the companies and market indices. As a replacement for the investment in stock markets, the investors confided on the investment in gold markets (McGuire, 2010, p.37)1. The investment in gold was considered to be lucrative as prices of gold increased on the back of high demand for gold. An investment in gold offered higher returns on investment and there was no erosion of wealth from the amount of investment. Apart from that gold could be sold at any point of time and was considered as marketable investment. The presence of large number of buyers gave the opportunity to transform it into cash at any point of time. All these factors led to th e rise in the prices of gold. Investment in gold was deemed to be an investment that would in which the returns obtained would never be lowered (Northcott, 2010, p.46)2. The spurt in he gold prices over the last few years fuelled by weak economic conditions has been represented below. Demand and Supply Analysis The fluctuation in the price of gold could be explained from the demand supply curve for gold as given below. As the demand for gold rose in a weaker economic condition, the demand curve shifted from position 1 to 2 depicted by the red line. As a result, in order to maintain a position of equilibrium with the supply, the prices of gold rose from P1 to P2. The reverse is also true for fall in prices for gold as a result of fall in demand. Gold looses its luster: Rational behind plunge in gold prices The unexpected plunge in the prices of gold in recent times has occurred as result of recovery in the performance of the economies all over the world. The correct strategies adopte d by the policymakers in order to maintain a proper balance of supply and demand in the economy, controlling inflation through appropriate interest rates, fiscal and monetary policies have led to turn around of the economies of the world. The economic reforms and recovery from the economic recession led to improvement in the performanc

Global Health Access Project and the Mae Tao Clinic in Burma Essay

Global Health Access Project and the Mae Tao Clinic in Burma - Essay Example She realized the healthcare requirements of the refugees and established makeshift healthcare facility in Mae Sot so that the injuries and other healthcare problems of the Burmese refugees could be adequately cured (Clarke, p4). The clinic is equipped with adequate medical instruments and machinery and provides wide range of services to the patients. Along with the healthcare services, the clinic also offered social services, training programs, outreach programs, child protection awareness program and health education. (Sullivan et al, p255). Burma is the largest country of mainland South Asia by its geographical area. The official name of Burma is Union of Myanmar. The country is bordered with China, Thailand, India, Bangladesh and Bay of Bengal. The government has been dominantly controlled by the military after the General Ne Win’s coup in 1962. Since then the Burma is under the strict control of the State Peace and Development Council that is led by the military Junta. The country is blessed by the nature with rich and fertile land and resources. Under the military rule, the country has experienced economic downfall and also became the source of refugee crisis that is among the most extended refugee catastrophe of the world (Fink, p87). The cubing policies of the military Junta compelled thousands of inhabitants to cross the border of Burma. These people found rescue in the neighboring countries like Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and Thailand and the number of the Burmese refugees has exceeded the limit of half million. It is also found that almost 150,000 Burmese migrated to Thailand that are living in the designated camps. Global Health Access Program (GHAP) is a nonprofit organization that works for the improvement of the communities facing certain crisis either locally or internationally. GHAP uses to support the healthcare initiatives taken by the Mae Tao clinic for the Burmese refugees in

The Issue of Security in the Country Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Issue of Security in the Country - Assignment Example The reason is with the advanced technology and varying media fraternities that discuss the security issues in a given country, it is difficult for a country to conceal its security status to the world. One developing country that is currently scaring tourists from visiting its country is Kenya. There have been various terror attacks that have been consequent making tourists afraid of visiting the country as they used to (Obadiah, Nicholas and Josephine 23). The clients in this scenario are the government institutions who try to come up with means of curbing the situation in the country. The issue of security has affected the economic sector of the country. As a result, the government of the country has approached the issue by even employing other security officials including the cabinet secretary of security (Obadiah, Nicholas and Josephine 23). This move is aimed at reviving the current issue of security to ensure that tourists can feel safe to tour the country in large numbers like they used to. To curb the current security threat in the country, the country needs to come up with better and creative strategies that will see its tourism sector revert back to normal. One of them includes placing various security officials, who are well trained and better motivated, in all tourist hot spots in the country. Moreover, they should create awareness on the individuals living in the country to ensure that they report crime offenders because most of the individuals who pose a security threat in the country are well known by other individuals. They should ensure that they report them even if they are their friends or relatives to ensure that their security and that of others visiting the country is guaranteed.  

A Comparison of the Perspectives of the Lost Boys of Sudan with the Term Paper

A Comparison of the Perspectives of the Lost Boys of Sudan with the Typical American Perspectives on Certain Political Concept - Term Paper Example As we understand, there is a very big difference between typical Americans and the Lost Boys of Sudan, which make them to perceive things differently. The typical Americans understand that it is the purpose of their government to ensure security. Due to this perception, they direct blames to the government whenever their security is threatened. In most cases, the president, who is the head of government, is required to take responsibility. The Lost Boys of Sudan, being in a foreign country, do not perceive this as the purpose of the government. Back in their country, their government assisted their neighboring communities, the Baqqara, in attacking and destroying their village (Hecht 20). Due to such things that their government back in Sudan used to do, they cannot perceive as the purpose of a government to provide security to its citizens. Back in Sudan, they were ruled by the Sharia Laws, which were not made by government (Hecht 19). These makes the Sudanese not to perceive that i t is the purpose of government to make laws and ensure that good policies are put in place to ensure proper governing of its citizens. Americans on the other hand understands this very well. They understand their rights and thus require that the government does not infringe on any of them while making policies and laws (Lasser 70). They perceive that it is the purpose of the government to ensure that the laws it makes are not cruel to a certain group of the community. Several injustices have been done to these Lost Boys of Sudan by the Sudanese government. Their government was encouraging their neighbors to do injustice to them. As a result, these Sudanese do not perceive as the purpose of government to ensure Justice for all. According to Hecht (20) back in their early time in Sudan, their neighboring community took their possessions and their government did nothing about that. Americans through understanding of their legal system and how their judicially works are very vigilant ab out their rights. They perceive that it is the purpose of the judicial arm of their government to ensure that any injustice done to them is punished. The Lost Boys of Sudan perceive that they do not have power to control their political nature. Back in Sudan, they did not have the power to decide who they wanted to lead them. This was due to the northern dominance and political threats (Hecht 17). The Americans on the other hand perceive as their democratic right to decide who to have as their president thus their perception is that they have control over this matter. The Sudanese also perceive that human nature is full of suffering and problems. As Dengs and Ajak (1) shows us before he got to the refugee camp, he was in a desperate situation and he was feeling as if he was going to die next minute. He also shows that his family members back in Sudan are suffering and thus needs to be liberated. In America, there is little suffering thus, Americans do not perceive human nature from this perspective. They view life as enjoyable thus not having room for suffering. To them only greedy individuals induce human nature with suffering. Both perceive that it is human nature to assist one another in times of trouble. Back in their land in Sudan before the beginning of the civil war, it was their culture to assist. They used to assist their neighboring community with water and pasture (Hecht 20). Americans also are very kind and majorities are willing to contribute through humanitarian organizations in order to assist those who are troubled by war or hunger. They willingly assisted these Sudanese to settle in their country (Bixler 146). There is also a perception among the typical Americans that a person to be in liberty to do

Everyday life with Algebra in the Real World Research Paper

Everyday life with Algebra in the Real World - Research Paper Example In the field of biology, computations are carried out in the process of simulating experiments or the calculation of features of a biological structure of the process. For example, algebra is applied in computing mathematical predictions of cellular interactions, analysis of heritage, body reactions to chemicals and intercellular features. Techniques from algebra, discrete mathematics and algebraic geometry have lately acquired new applications in systems biology causing the emergence of the fields of â€Å"algebraic biology†. The close interaction between biology and algebraic statistics has also led to new applications of the latter to problems in biology. (Kastner, 2012) Algebra is applied to chemistry to manipulate equations and work out problems. E.g. A gas equation commonly used to compute quantities in chemistry is PV=nRT: P is the pressure (in atmospheres), V is the volume (in Litres), n is the number of moles, R is a constant (.082059 L*atm mol-1 K-1), and T is the temperature (in Kelvin). In current years, computer algebra techniques have acquired widespread application in chemistry education and solving chemistry problems. In case you are given the values of all the other quantities and you are required to obtain the temperature, you could do this by substituting all the variables into the algebraic equation: T= PV/nR.  Algebraic concepts to solve everyday problems  In business, Linear equations such as T = Ax +By is applied to the total cost of items when every item has the same cost, total quantities of materials used in producing objects. In everyday life, algebraic equations can be used to calculate the total cost of electricity, energy costs on household bills, costs of long distance calls and the cost of renting a car. For example, from a phone bill algebra can point out the initial cost and the additional cost per minute on a long-distance call, and indicate how long a person could talk for any specific amount of money. Slope indicates the rate at which a quantity changes and is applied in business to calculate how much the cost of production of items changes when one more item is produced, i.e. the marginal cost. The rate at which your money decreases or increases can affect ones financial status whereas how quick the rate of unemployment goes down or rises can influence inflation. The algebraic concept of slope can be utilized to analyze all these notions. (Knapp, 2007) The concept of exponents or exponential growth is applied in all money matters affecting people’s daily life, like the compound interest used by banks and savings institutions to calculate interest, mortgage, car and credit card payments for items bought, life insurance and retirement funds. This concept is also applied in prediction of populations, sizes of tumors and other characteristics of the disease. Algebra applied to personal life, Linear equations from

Child Motivation in Literacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Child Motivation in Literacy - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that pedagogy is an overarching concept, which refers to the calculated process of development cultivation within a given society and culture. It has three fundamental components from this viewpoint: the content or curriculum of what people are being taught; the methodology- manner in which teaching is conducted; and the techniques for children socialization in affective and cognitive skills’ repertoire needed for the successful functioning within the society, which education is meant to promote. The content of teaching or curriculum, may be designed in such a way that it encourages processes of learning (such as attention, memory, observation) as well as cognitive skills (classification, comparing and contrasting, reasoning), and the specific information’s acquisition such as names of alphabetical letters. Teaching strategies or the methods employed in the curriculum’s implementation are the set interactions of individ uals and materials, which teachers plan and use. They include the teaching styles, teaching role, as well as instructional modus operandi. The third pedagogical aspect, which might be perceived as cognitive socialization is the role played by teachers in the early childhood settings. This is via their expectations, teaching strategies, curricular emphasis, in promotion of repertoire of affective and cognitive characteristics as well as the skills, which young children require in moving from the natal culture to the school culture and finally to the larger society’s culture. ... Children engage in numerous things basically because they have a desire of doing them. Choosing a shirt for wearing or a toy is the outcome of their intrinsic motivation in which the child decides on her choices as well as realises contentment from the choosing act as well as the opportunity of playing with her toy or wearing the shirt. Since such activity generates motivation, it is more self-sustaining provided the young child wants continuing with the activity. Young children also do some activities simply because adults direct them or even as efforts of pleasing another party, with such activities being extrinsically motivated. Whenever children are extrinsically motivated, reward comes from the child externally-someone else has to provide it and requires being continually given in order to ensure that the child remains motivated sufficiently to proceed with the activity (Oldfather & Dahl 1994). However, it is difficult for sustenance of the child’s extrinsic motivation du e to this dependence upon some form of external force. Since the intrinsically motivated activities are more rewarding in as well as of themselves, children are exposed to more learning from this mode of activity and retain such learning more effectively (Lorch & van deb Broek, 1997). The intrinsically motivated children have the tendency of being more motivated within their own development and learning. In other words, children have more likelihood of learning and retaining information when they are intrinsically motivated, especially when they believe they are pleasing themselves. Their parents can capitalize on these senses of confidence through guiding their young

Higher Incidence of Diabetes Among the American Indians and Alaskan Essay

Higher Incidence of Diabetes Among the American Indians and Alaskan Natives - Essay Example Although the exact cause of this finding may vary from one case to another, it appears that genetic differences and racial or ethnic differences play a major role in this regard. Diabetes is affecting the lives of certain groups of the American population in a disproportionate manner and is, therefore, resulting in a number of health-related, social and financial problems; not only for the individuals suffering from the disease but also for those who are directly or indirectly involved with the patients. Diabetes is relatively more common among the American Indians and Alaskan Natives (Joslin and Kahn 514). The exact cause of why this disease affects these populations disproportionately is as yet unknown. With the passage of time, this disease is becoming more and more common among the people of young age belonging to these races and ethnicities. The prevalence of the diabetic disease is three times higher in American Indians and Alaskan Natives as compared to other American adults of similar ages. It is therefore essential to take corrective actions regarding prevention of diabetes in this population. As compared to other minorities, American Indian and Alaskan natives are extremely small in number and the term is used to refer to individuals having origins in the original people of South America and other people of the North that maintain tribal affiliation. The largest population of American Indians and Alaskan natives resides in California, Oklahoma, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Washington, Alaska, and Michigan. Alaskan villages harbor the majority of Alaskan natives (Shinagawa & Jang 98).

African American film genre analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

African American film genre analysis - Essay Example Broken Blossoms depicts the villain oppressing the innocent, in this case, his daughter. Her only comfort is the company of a "yellow man" who gives her moments of happiness although they are not romantically involved. The idea of a romantic link between the two characters of Lucy and the yellow man would be too much for the 1919 audience to swallow. The movie was also the last of the films which carried integrationist messages. These relationships were depicted as abnormal, unacceptable and impulsive. An example is Spike Lee's Jungle Fever (1991) sets its premise upon the attraction generated by the sexual mythology of different races. The movie runs the typical storyline wherein the lovers Flipper and Angie were the heroes, and racial prejudice was the villain (Bogle 2002).Interracial relationships have been depicted in film for almost a century. These films may or may not reflect the true temper and sensibilities of the periods when they were filmed. Oftentimes, interracial relati onships in films toe the line on what is socially acceptable. Otherwise, society through channels as the press and government would raise objections, protests and even civil action against the filmmakers and their actors.Interracial relationships in film are considered generally as part of the melodrama genre. Oftentimes, it depicts the battle between good and evil. There is the presence of the protagonist who is repressed by a villain. Those who are innocent are freed from repression and those that are guilty are duly given punishment. Melodrama engages in the discussion of social taboos, among which is interracial relationships. Most of the time, the lovers of different races would conform to the dictates of the period when the film was made. Although interracial relationships become increasingly accepted in societies, it is still not allowed in some U.S. states, notwithstanding the legal approbation to such relationships. It may not also be culturally acceptable to some people or communities. Thus, interracial relationships still encounter varying degrees of objection from various sectors. Thus, a film conforming to the period's norms, would tend to seek conformity from its interracial characters, with the lovers separating. If there is no convenient angle to achieve this conformity to moreses, then the characters may be killed of. In a sense, this also is an application of conformity, with the death of the characters symbolizing punishment for their transgressions (Rhies 2000). The cultural ideology regarding interracial relationships has changed through time. The acceptability of this kind of relationship today is greater than it was three decades ago. Originally, interracial relationships were depicted negatively, emphasizing false perceptions or stereotypes. This was the case with Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967) . It is through such negative depictions that the adverse attitude of societies towards interracial relationships is perpetuated (Hodes). III. Film Analysis Guess Who's dealt mainly with the controversy of interracial marriage. At the time the film was made, interracial marriage was still illegal in some U.S. states. The movie broke certain stereotypes. Jack Prentice's being a doctor living in Switzerland may have been deliberate so that he would be suitable for marriage to Joanna, and that his character's only objectionable feature would be his race. John's character, to go against the stereotype image of the African-American of the time, was also a graduate of a top school, became an innovator in African medicine, did not engage in premarital sex even

Implications and Benefits Essay Example for Free

Implications and Benefits Essay One of the biggest challenges facing small and medium-sized organizations today is the coordination of work among the workers and managers. Many companies have been successful in gathering or statistically evaluating data, but find it hard to convert the findings into positive results. Studies have shown that with globalization, many companies have had problems in motivating or working with ethnic and other culturally different employees. Many organizations have valued diversity to enhance organizational effectiveness and growth, while others still languish from hostile and unhealthy practices. As a general rule, organizations must address the importance of employee participation programs and group based pay incentives. These measures have met with success, and so too have profit and gain sharing programs. High-performance and High-involvement are two business terms related to employees and production. In order to attain perfection, employee performance is mandatory, and the company’s management needed to develop a strong belief and determination among the leadership and worker-class, to accelerate progressive changes and create a difference. Only those with exceptional influence can change the way an organization runs. Management must consider the criticality of a visible and active role taken by them to integrate policies of diversity and inclusion into every aspect of an organization’s operation and culture. Culture affects every employee of the organization, whether it is a man or woman. It’s imperative that any policy decision reach all concerned in the organization; every individual of the organization must feel a part of the scheme of things, for the welfare of the organization. A healthy work environment goes a long way in instigating quality work. At the workplace, it is imperative for the management to introduce an increased and effective mode of cooperation between the workers and managers. One way of looking at it is by creating better leadership styles and flexible work/career patterns. There are many number of business tactics, that can be employed to bring about operational changes to manage talent most effectively. Some tactics, most noticeable among them are: †¢ Identifying role models and establishing mentoring programs †¢ Eliminating all bias-based company policies and procedures †¢ Providing equal opportunities, training and development for all †¢ Conducting workshops for employees to impress upon them the importance of diversity and inclusiveness to increase performance and production Though the above initiatives may sound simple, there is more to it, than meets the eye. The exercise needs the wholehearted support and sustained effort by all employees to make it a success (David Pappie, p. 103, 2006). 1. 1 Thesis Question There have been many studies undertaken to understand the importance of cultural diversity and its acceptance in the process of organizational growth and productivity. In most cases, studies carried out have been successful in identifying the areas which have led to organizational breakdowns and slow progress. Many of these theories have been put to test with varying results. What is it that determines cultural unity, and how can this attribute to an organization’s progress? This paper tries within the limits of its structure to elicit the importance of cultural unity, by taking into consideration, the most important factor; the workforce, to gauge and underline how organizations counter cultural and other variants to become successful. 2. 0 Executive Summary Performance is the cornerstone to success and productivity. Performance comes about through the wholehearted and sincere effort of employees of an organization. This is possible only if the employees are kept happy and cared for. Strategies that favor employee retention, elicit competitive bonus schemes, and creates healthy work environment are pre-requisites for employee performance, culminating in higher production. A company’s best asset is its people, so there is a good reason why the company needs to do what is right for them. A point of contention to performance and productivity is the way one works; the ability to work remotely, where enterprise convergence gains momentum. This can come about only if the people concerned in the program are well trained to perform under least supervision and motivated. For business bosses and their employees, a converged environment makes work location and distance irrelevant. The impetus to work for the benefit of the organization must come from within the individuals concerned. Just as a students finds his/her studies important and strive for excellence, employees must find the inclination to work from within their heart. This can come about with the sustained effort of the management to bring changes that enliven the workplace (Tanuja Randery, p. 107, 2006). Globalization has opened up new vistas for entrepreneurs and other organizations to forge partnerships in third countries and enjoy governmental subsidies and tax benefits, apart from cheap labor and raw materials. When people with cultural difference enter employment in many western countries, the U. S included, they find the work ethics and style different from their own. This could have serious repercussion on co-workers and the organization as a whole. Production could get affected, quality gradually begins to deteriorate, and the organization machinery could go haywire. People from ethnic background find it hard to communicate or follow their organizational strategies or goals and are forced to defend for themselves. Just as in a foreign collaboration or merger where the foreign participant has to adjust to their surroundings and local policies and rules, workers who travel abroad and take up employment in organizations there, have to make the adjustments to fit into their roles to be of asset to that organization. Since the organization stands to gain through good HR policies, it is imperative that the organization welcomes these workers with a helping hand and guard against discrimination or inequality. 3. 0 Literature Review In order to understand the importance of cultural unity among a workforce, one could perhaps study how organizations counter cultural and other variants to become successful. During a merger, or an association, many organizations worked diligently to assimilate the various synergistic features; right from assets and equipment to technology and strategies, discounting the complexity of variant cultures. They barge into an alliance and without a thought; obliterate the long-standing traditions, practices and policies of the merged company, to meld it into a faceless subsidiary. Even in case of an equal alliance, the combined entity loses the erstwhile individualistic charm and appeal as they overlook the people factor. Corroborating this theory is a recent ‘Making Mergers Work’ study by the Society for Human Resource Management, wherein HR professionals listed incompatible cultures as the biggest obstacle to success in mergers and acquisitions. They emphasized that these companies failed to recognize the importance of cultural issues. This caused the merger to lose ground due to the negligence of culture conflict. So, what makes a partnership tick successfully? It’s the people and its culture. The recipe for getting a successful merger off the ground is shifting the spotlight from deal-making to merging-of-cultures. In fact, culture has been attributed to being one of the most important factors in building relationships. How do cultural variations integrate? Every organization has its own unique way of doing things, be it management, employment, or compensation to investment. When two firms seek to merge, customary differences are more than likely to crop up. Structured-entrepreneurial, proactive-reactive, centralised-decentralised, formal-informal or extravagant-economical, each firm has its own firm belief in what is right and what’s wrong. This is where cultural differences emerge. Management has always devised a set of ethics on which the company and its employees perform; this is organizational culture (The Hindu, 2007). Culture change management is a tough volley and can be successful only when employees ascribe to it. However, predisposed workers lose motivation and experience job insecurity. So, leaders should use persuasion, not coercion, to mobilize the apprehensive culturally different workforce. Culture within an organization is equally important in the context of organizational success. Culture is built over years of practice and cannot be changed overnight. The culture that one wraps around people can not alter them as individuals, but will definitely influence their behavior. HRM needs to address the concerns of these workers. HRM policies should support employee grievance and at the same time be pro-employer. Using various HR techniques, HRM should be able to bring these workers to understand the importance of any new development that the organization initiates, and that with the growth of the organization, they grow too. Cultural changes are imperative in this world of globalization. Global competition means performing to global standards. This can be achieved only if the workers; the backbone of an industry, makes a strong effort to absorb these changes. This can be done by proper management of human resource management. HR must play the pivotal role of educator where cultural differences occur among the workforce (Neville Lake, 2002). 3. 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cultural Diversity While there are many advantages in embracing the ethical minority in an organization, there are some disadvantages as well. Many organizations embrace a continued commitment to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families, as well as the local community and society at large, says Holme and Watts (2000, p. 4) . Many organizations have targeted their HR policies to involve all employees equally, irrespective of their culture or gender. This helps those inclined to be different to be a part of the organizational strategy and brought into the mainstream to perform as one. With proper training and development, these individuals can become equally effective in their duties and contribute to the growth of their organization. These culturally different workers may need more time to understand their work and find it hard to communicate with their colleagues or superiors to work in unison. This can upset the tempo of production. However, with some support and motivation, these people should be able to learn their responsibilities in no time. What is important is the support and encouragement to perform. It has been found that while white Americans have little or no issues at a relatively middle-age, ethnic people have a large family to support and look after. This means that while the demands of the white Americans are far less, ethnic people find that they have more responsibilities and demands to be met. This is carried to their workplace, where they find that they have to balance their time at work and also at home, creating pressure to perform. Many organizations have responded to these issues or trends with sympathy and found their performance giving competitive advantages over other organizations. Leading academicians, researchers, and businessmen, according to Cox and Blake (1991), found that a well managed, diverse workforce held potential competitive advantages for their organizations .

E Commerce And The Importance Of Encryption Computer Science Essay

E Commerce And The Importance Of Encryption Computer Science Essay Web-commerce has grown into one of the fastest-growing area of industry in the past two years. Billions of dollars have passed hands in the process and each entrepreneur wants a slice of the dough. To make this possible, data encryption plays a very central role in ensuring customers that paying for anything online is secure. E-commerce relies on encryption to secure data transmission by controlling data access and protect information on the internet and in the end improve consumer confidence. Encryption is the encoding of data using an algorithm such that it is incomprehensible to anyone in the event that the data transmission is intercepted, unless the key is known to enable file decryption. By implementing encryption, integrity is maintained while digital authentication is enforced, thus, allowing both customers and sellers to verify the identity of the other party, a concept fundamental to secure online credit card transactions. The reliability of an e-commerce website may be negatively impacted if theft of customer information occurs, especially risky since 90% of all online payments are dealt by credit cards. 4. Important of Encryption Cryptography is a method of mathematically encoding used to transform messages in to an unreadable format in an effort to maintain confidentiality of data. Cryptography comprises a family of technologies that include the following: Encryption transforms data into some unreadable form to ensure privacy. Decryption is reverse of encryption; it transforms encrypted data back into original, intelligible form. Authentication identifies an entity such as an individual, a machine on the network or an organization. Digital signatures blind a document to the possessor of a particular key and are the digital equivalent of paper signatures. Signature verification is the inverse of a digital signature; it verifies that a particular signature is valid. Application In order to enable secure online transaction, data encryption plays four important functions: Digital authentication which allows both the customers and the merchant to be sure that they are dealing with whom, the other party claims to be. These is absolutely necessary before sending credit card details to the seller and also allow sellers to verify that the customer is the real owner of the credit card being used. Integrity ensures that the messages received re not changed during transmission by any third party. Non-repudiation prevents customers or merchants denying they ever received or sent a particular message or order. In the event that information is intercepted, encryption ensures privacy that prevents third parties from reading and or using the information to their own advantage. Two methods of encryption network traffic on the web are SSL and S-HTTP. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and its successor Transport Layer security (TLS) enable client and server computers to manage encryption and decryption activities as they communicate with each other during a secure web session. Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP) is another protocol used for encrypting data flowing over the internet, but it is limited to individual messages, whereas SSL and TLS are designed to establish a secure connection between two computers. The capability to generate secure sessions is built into Internet client browser software and servers, and occurs automatically with little user intervention. The client and the server negotiate what key and what level of security to use. Once a secure session is established between the client and the server, all messages in that session are encrypted. There are two alternative methods of encryption: symmetric key encryption and public key encryption. In symmetric key encryption, the sender and the receiver establish a secure Internet session by creating a single encryption key and sending it to the receiver so both the sender and receiver share the same key. The strength of the encryption key is measured by its nit length. Today a typical key will be 128 bits long (a string of 128 binary digits). The problem with all symmetric encryption schemes is that the key itself must be shared somehow among the senders and receivers, which exposes the key to outsiders who might just be able to intercept and decrypt the key, A more secure form of encryption called public key encryption uses two keys: one shared (or public) and one totally private, as shown in Figure. The keys are mathematically related so that data encrypted with one key can be decrypted using only the other key. To send and receive messages, communicators first create separate pairs of private and public keys. The public key is kept in a directory and the private key must be kept secret. The sender encrypts a message with the recipientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s public key. On receiving the message the recipient uses his or her private key to decrypt it. Digital signatures and digital certificates further help with authentication. Benefits/Advantages Most corporations implement multiple forms of security by using hardware solutions such as routers and firewalls. These devices protect essential data by keeping external threats out of the network. Unfortunately, burglars will employ numerous attacks, specifically targeted at your information. When attackers find a way to enter your first line of defense, data encryption steps up and helps to ensure that your secrets cant be viewed. Encryption has changed significantly over the years, going from a military solution to widespread public use. Whether its hardware or software-based, this method is fast, easy to use and most important, secure. Here some of the key benefits this solution offers: Power: The best in data encryption is based on global standards, able to mitigate potential corruption without flaw. Many solutions are large enough to ensure that an entire organization is in full compliance with security policies. Data encryption allows a corporation to achieve military-level security with easy and affordable solutions. Flexibility: Data encryption can protect your sensitive information whether its stored on a desktop or laptop computer, a PDA, removable storage media, an email server or even the corporate network. This allows you to securely access important data from the office, on the road or at home. If the device is lost or stolen, the information will be protected by the data encryption mechanism. Transparency: It wouldnt be a good idea to employ any security measure that negatively impacts your business. An efficient data encryption solution enables your business to flow at a normal pace, silently securing crucial data in the background. Some of the best options are those running effectively without the user even being aware. There are many benefits of data encryption as this solution provides solid protection in the event of a security breach. Not only does it offer peace of mind, it also frees up resources normally used by your perimeter defenses. Every security measure you set in place is important yet inefficient if confidential data itself is not protected. Limitations Encryption is often oversold as the solution to all security problems or to threats that it does not address. Unfortunately, encryption offers no such protection. Encryption does nothing to protect against many common methods of attack including those that exploit bad default settings or vulnerabilities in network protocols or software even encryption software. In general, methods other than encryption are needed to keep out intruders. Secure Computing Corporations Sidewinder system defuses the forty-two bombs (security vulnerabilities) in Cheswick and Bellovins book, Firewalls and Network Security (Addison Wesley, 1994), without making use of any encryption. Conclusion

Mind Map: Counselling Theories and Remote Mentoring

Mind Map: Counselling Theories and Remote Mentoring A mind-map design rationale According to Tony Buzzan[1], the goal of a Mind Map is to format information in a two dimensional fashion, in an easily retrievable format that is easy to review, allowing for easy association. The Mind Map is a method of reviewing great quantities of information â€Å"at a glance[2]†.Mind Maps are used as alternative methods of organising information in a manner that obviate linear thinking, in an attempt to work the way the brain works[3]. Different methods of Mind Mapping range from computer programs to hand drawing; with free-form hand drawing the most effective for incorporating brain-storming. Russell[4] states that during the Mind Mapping process, one should not â€Å"hold back† on ideas or thoughts, but include what comes to mind without judgement or boundaries. Landsberger[5] suggests that the Mind Map should develop based on the direction a topic takes rather than limitations imposed on mapping methodology or self-imposed boundaries. Within the field of psychotherapy and psychotherapeutic training, mentoring is an important concept. With the growth, development and generalised reliance in our society on computers along with the development of virtual working and training grounds, the concept of e-mentoring, or online mentoring is a high growth area and is one achieving attention in the literature. Therefore, this essay will focus on the development of a Mind Map with the central theme of e-mentoring. Specific topics related to detailed development within psychological schools of thought are considered beyond the scope of the current essay and as such, as explicitly omitted. Mind Map Design With the central theme of e-mentoring, there were many topics that vied for prominence as secondary central themes, however, four became primary in early thoughts on development: Training in psychotherapy Mentor Electronics/Computer Psychotherapy Based on the four pronged conceptualisation, the original mental image presented itself as the Greek symbol for psych, the three pronged fork with a base extension. In this case, the base extension was the use of computers and technology which is the underlying foundation for an e-mentoring programme. Unfortunately during the actual execution of the Mind Map development, so much information naturally flowed that the original mental picture of the design did not materialise. Mind Map researchers emphasise the use of colour in the design of one’s Mind Map[6],[7]. Colours were originally chosen for their visibility and distinctiveness from one another against the white background of the page, upon reflection. However, it is interesting to note the pink used for the mentor, as significant emphasis was on female mentor relationship issues and the generalised assumption that mentors would be female. Training in Psychotherapy was evidenced by turquoise coloured branches, which seems somewhat appropriate based in training needs being more clinical. Psychotherapy’s branch was in purple, also appropriate upon reflection, as the many modes and modalities of psychotherapy are about wellness; often represented in the media with purple. Finally, the surprising colour for computers and electronics, forming the base of the psych symbol was in green. One would normally not think of computers and technology as living, represented by green, however, in today ’s age, with technology being so important in our lifestyle and that of an e-mentoring programme, in many ways, computers represent life. Main branches in the design of a Mind Map are representative of sub-themes[8]. In this case, mentor, computers/electronics, psychotherapy and training in psychotherapy were all believed to be specific subdivisions of the e-mentoring process in the field of psychology/psychotherapy. Research states that sub-points are representative of additional levels of information, with the initial branches from the central theme representative of directly related important facts[9]. Although some Mind Map methods suggest linear composition[10] rather than free-flowing forms[11],[12], this writer chose to use a freer flowing format for the sub-themes presented. Russell[13] suggests using arrows, icons and other visual aids to show linkages whereas other researchers suggest using arrows to demonstrate connectivity[14]. Landsberger suggests the use of arrows with connectivity labels, even if the words are nonsense words with meaning attributable only to the Mind Map creator[15]. In this instance, linkages were depicted by double sided arrows, many of which were flexible and bended around objects or attributes. Several arrows/links representing relationships in the Mind Map designed around e-mentoring crossed between sub-themes or domains and due to colour coding and information congestion, were difficult to fully express. For example, the link between female mentor and psychotherapy was delineated as it is believed that the mentor role is in part counsellor[16]. Kotkov states that the mentee-mentor relationship is similar; based on the academic model, to that which transpires in the psychotherapeutic setting[17]. Another example is the integr ation between the four themes of cognitive behaviour therapy that are linked in the Mind Map: stimulus, thought, emotion and behaviour[18]. Looking to security risks inherent in the e-mentoring process, the link was drawn between emails and digital attachments[19],[20]. There were also very strong relationships/links apparent in the female mentor in the mother/daughter role, and in the mother mentor figure seen as the powerful parent[21],[22] that was noted via a linkage. A more convoluted, but none the less important linkage was illustrated in the psychotherapy branch by linking person-centred with relationships and effectiveness and critical engagement with both relationships and effectiveness, person centred with empathy and unconditional positive regard[23]. On the other hand, although concerns are shared about security, the security risks commented on through the integration of internet use noted by Kane[24] was not linked to the legal risks associated with mentoring noted by Heinrich[25] although both loosely relate to potential legal issues it was felt by this writer that internet security and the potential legal issues of the mentor-mentee relationship were distinct from each other. Personal Reflection As a personal approach to psychotherapy, this writer believes in a person centred approach that is heavily based on relationships for effectiveness in therapy. As a result, the links described above emphasising relationships as a key element of the psychotherapy sub-theme in the Mind Map demonstrates its lead in to person-centred psychotherapy. Other branches of the Mind Map explored other theories and therapeutic avenues, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, which were also important for display as evidencing those areas in which these theories no not fit within the structure of a person-centred approach. Lessons Learned and Conclusions The primary conclusion drawn from designing the Mind Map based on an e-mentoring (in the field of psychotherapy) central theme is the complexity and multiplicity of issues. While there are many that inter-relate and/or link with each other, the brain storming process involved served to spawn more ideas than originally thought, such that each of the original sub-themes could have actually become its own central theme in the design of a more detailed Mind Map. The original concept of designing the mind map was an exciting prospect – the central theme had been one I was projecting about as related to future needs. Thus, when the central theme was confirmed for the mind map it was believed that a unique opportunity presented itself to explore the central theme in a creative way allowing for free thinking, thinking outside the box, without any traditional or conventional boundaries. In many ways, although the mind map is unstructured in the creative process, it is still a structured development process as one drills down to more detailed concepts, issues and layers of a subject. While Landsberger[26] states that one should revise the mind map by erasing or editing, that seems to be contrary to the concept of mind mapping in the first place as a process which fosters creativity. Thus, upon reflection, without modifications, the current Mind Map feels cluttered. If one were to draw the mind map over again, the use of a sixth colour would be incorporated strictly to show links. Additionally, in the linkage process a variety of line types would be used to designate different linkages, for example a solid line to represent a direct relationship and a dotted or broken line to represent an indirect relationship. In many ways, staying focused was difficult. In the brain storming process, especially when one is not to make personal judgements, it is easy to get carried away. Thus, it appeared there was a fine line between free thinking and conforming. When getting near the edge of a page for example, the natural inclination was to think the branch was completely explored rather than rounding the corner or moving towards a free white space. Finally, the decision to hand-draw rather than use a computer program to create the map was a difficult one. The computer program was more likely to utilise its own intelligent system to draw the finished map, assure legibility and coherence. A hand-drawn mind map, on the other hand, was more likely to represent the structure in a creative manner rather than one obtained through linear thinking, as would be required for input into digital form. The most useful concept discovered in the creation of the mind map was ability to see links between concepts that might otherwise be left undiscovered. For example, when reviewing issues within psychotherapy of transference and countertransference; these were the same issues uncovered within the mentoring process, especially with the mixed feelings and power relationship structures of female mentors and mentees[27]. Another useful concept in the design and creation of the mind map was the discovery of how complex the issue of e-mentoring in the psychotherapy student environment. One tends to isolate conceptual topics and think of the central theme as very narrow when researching a topic. The mind-map process enabled a more creative perspective to draw out what one might consider ancillary themes only to discover they are major themes that interrelate and integrate with one another. In conclusion, this essay has explored design and development concepts of a mind map with the central theme e-mentoring in the psychotherapeutic and counselling environment. The design process was explored along with procedural strengths and weaknesses. In summation, the process of designing the mind map was believed a positive endeavour allowing for greater exploration. The result provided a grander view of the central topic and the ability to seek relationships between sub-topics or themes that might otherwise remain unnoticed. The ability to quickly see the entire picture painted via the diagram â€Å"at a glance† allowing the viewer to see all makes the mind map an excellent and effective learning tool. References Gannon, Joyce. Modern Mentoring. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette)2006. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-155116925.html [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Gawrylewski, Andrea. Taking Mentorship Online. The Scientist, 21, 83 85)2007. Heinrich, Kathleen T. Doctoral Advisement Relationships between Women: On Friendship and Betrayal. Journal of Higher Education, 66, 447 469)1995. Kane, Daniel. Long Distance Mentoring Over Email. US Fed News Service)2007. Kotkov, Benjamin. The Perils of Supervision Teaching in the Psychotherapy Setting. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 8)2005. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:134955706 [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Landsberger, Joe. Concept- or Mind-Mapping. Study Guides and Strategies)2008. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.studygs.net/mapping [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Mahoney, Michael J. Essential Themes in the Training of Psychotherapists. Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 17, 43 59)1998. Mind Maps. Mind Tools, Ltd.)2008[Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newISS.01.htm [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Mulhauser, Greg. Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness in Counselling and Psychotherapy. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://counsellingresource.com/types/effectiveness.html [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Russell, Peter. How to Mind Map. The Spirit of Now)1997. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://peterrussell.com/MindMaps/HowTo.php [Accessed 29 June 2008]. Appendix A: Mind Map SENT UNDER SEPARATE COVER If you haven’t received it – please contact DD for retrieval. 1 [1] Cited in Mind Maps. Mind Tools, Ltd.)2008[Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newISS.01.htm [Accessed 29 June 2008]. [2] Mind Maps. [3] P. Russell. How to Mind Map. The Spirit of Now)1997. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://peterrussell.com/MindMaps/HowTo.php [Accessed 29 June 2008]. [4] Russell. [5] J. Landsberger. Concept- or Mind-Mapping. Study Guides and Strategies)2008. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.studygs.net/mapping [Accessed 29 June 2008]. [6] Mind Map. [7] Russell. [8] Russell. [9] Mind Map. [10] Landsberger. [11] Russell. [12] Mind Map. [13] Russell. [14] Mind Maps. [15] Landsberger. [16] B. Kotkov. The Perils of Supervision Teaching in the Psychotherapy Setting. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 8)2005. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1:134955706 [Accessed 29 June 2008]. [17] Kotkov, 6. [18] G. Mulhauser, Greg. Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness in Counselling and Psychotherapy. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://counsellingresource.com/types/effectiveness.html [Accessed 29 June 2008]. [19] A. Gawrylewskia. Taking Mentorship Online. The Scientist, 21, 83 85)2007. [20] D. Kane. Long Distance Mentoring Over Email. US Fed News Service)2007 [21] Mahoney, Michael J. Essential Themes in the Training of Psychotherapists. Constructivism in the Human Sciences, 17, 43 59)1998. [22] Heinrich, Kathleen T. Doctoral Advisement Relationships between Women: On Friendship and Betrayal. Journal of Higher Education, 66, 447 469)1995 [23] Mulhauser. [24] Kane. [25].Heinrich, 460. [26] Landsberger. [27] Heinrich, 447 – 469.

Mangroves in Australia Essay -- Plants Botany Essays

Mangroves in Australia The mangrove communities of Australia are some of the most highly adaptive plant communities in the world. These plants live in an environment that is often engulfed with seawater. This environment is considered an arid environment due to the lack of fresh water. The plants of the mangrove community must develop several adaptations to deal with the environment. The environment these plants often inhabit is referred to as an intertidal zone. The intertidal zone is the transition between the salty ocean to the fresh water of the interior of the continent or island. To deal with the salty environment, mangrove plants have developed modified roots. In some species, the roots filter the incoming seawater. These modified roots also help to support the tree in the muddy substrate. The roots are considered a xeromorphic feature, a display feature that tends to conserve or retain water. These roots also provide oxygen intake by structures call pneumatophores. This ability is importa nt in times of low soil aeration. The leaves are covered with a waxy cuticle that helps retain water. In some species, the leaves are responsible for salt secretion, while others store excess salt in leaves until they fall off the tree. The mangrove species also have modified reproductive structures. Most seeds develop while still attached to the parent tree. This enhances their chance of survival. These seeds are also buoyant, which allows them to float to a less shady spot, away from the parent tree and start growing. Some species seeds shed their seed coat at particular water temperature and water salinity. Mangrove species produce different types of pollen for different plants. These different types of pollen ... ...e land (Maguire 2000). Mangroves are endangered by human development. Conservation and management techniques need to become an important issue to preserve these unique and highly advance communities. Summar The mangroves are some of the most highly evolved plant communities in the world. These plants have overcome the harsh conditions from which they live in. One of the most obvious adaptations is the modified root structures that not only help support the plant in the muddy substrate, but may aid in oxygen intake in some species. Another notable adaptation that mangrove plants exhibit is their modified reproductive structures called propagules. These seeds actually begin development while still attached to the parent tree. Mangroves also provide important services such as filtering out toxins in outgoing streams that would normally damage coral reefs.

Project Mercury :: essays research papers

Project Mercury   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Project Mercury, the first manned U.S. space project, became an official NASA program on October 7, 1958. The Mercury Program was given two main but broad objectives: 1. to investigate man’s ability to survive and perform in the space environment and 2. to develop basic space technology and hardware for manned space flight programs to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NASA also had to find astronauts to fly the spacecraft. In 1959 NASA asked the U.S. military for a list of their members who met certain qualifications. All applicants were required to have had extensive jet aircraft flight experience and engineering training. The applicants could be no more than five feet eleven inches tall, do to the limited amount of cabin space that the Mercury modules provided. All who met these requirements were also required to undergo numerous intense physical and psychological evaluations. Finally, out of a field of 500 people who met the experience, training, and height requirements, NASA selected seven to become U.S. astronauts. There names, Lieutenant M. Scott Carpenter; Air Force Captains L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., Virgil â€Å" Gus† Grissom, and Donald K. â€Å"Deke† Slayton; Marine Lieutenant Colonel John H. Glenn, Jr.; and Navy Lieutenant commanders Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and Alan B. Shepard, Jr. Of these, all flew in Project Mercury except Deke Slayton who was grounded for medical reasons. He later became an American crewmember of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Mercury module was a bell shaped craft. Its base measured exactly 74.5 inches wide and it was nine feet tall. For its boosters NASA chose two U.S. military rockets: the Army’s Redstone, which provided 78,000 pounds of thrust, was used for suborbital flights, and the Air Force Atlas, providing 360,000 pounds of thrust, was used for orbital fights. The Mercury craft was fastened to the top of the booster for launch. Upon reaching the limits of Earth’s atmosphere the boosters were released from the module, and fell into uninhabited ocean.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first Mercury launch was performed on May 5, 1961. The ship, Freedom 7, was the first U.S. craft used for manned space flight. Astronaut Alan Shepard, Jr. remained in suborbital flight for 15 minutes and 22 seconds, with an accumulated distance of 116 miles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second and final suborbital mission of the Mercury Project was launched on July 21, 1961. Gus Grissom navigated his ship, Liberty Bell 7, through flight for just 15 seconds longer than the previous mission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next Mercury flight was accomplished using an Atlas booster. On February 20,1962 it fired up and launched John Glenn, Jr., inside Friendship 7, into orbit. Glenn orbited Earth three times and when he returned the country

biology - how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis Essay

Biology Coursework  ¡V Does The Light Intensity Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis The Investigation In this experiment I will investigate the affect in which the light intensity will have on a plants photosynthesis process. This will be done by measuring the bubbles of oxygen and having a bulb for the light intensity variable. Variables The input variable which will be used in this investigation will be the light intensity (this will be a 100Watt bulb being moved closer and further away from the plant). The outcome variable which will change as a result of this experiment will be the amount of oxygen made in the experiment due to the amount of light intensity increases (causing the plant to photosynthesise more). Prediction I predict that as the input variable, the light intensity increases (the light moved towards the plant) the outcome variable, the amount of oxygen, produced from photosynthesis will be larger. Plants can absorb and use light energy because they have a green pigment, chlorophyll, contained in the chloroplasts in some of their cells. Chlorophyll allows the energy in sunlight to drive chemical reactions. Chloroplasts act as a energy transducers, converting light energy into chemical energy. So as the plant has more light the chlorophyll inside the chloroplasts can react faster absorbing in more light for food and energy. The equation for photosynthesis can help to predict the outcome of the investigation. Light Energy Carbon Dioxide + Water --------------„ ³ Glucose + Oxygen Chlorophyll This shows that there could be three variables in this experiment, carbon dioxide, water and light energy. So in our case the variable light energy (light intensity) will be used. The equation also shows that if there is more light energy then more glucose and oxygen will be produced. I also predict that as the light is moved closer to the plant there will be more bubbles (oxygen) produced due to the increase of photosynthesis speed explained above. So in conclusion I predict that the more light intensity there is on the plant the faster the rate of photosynthesis there will be. Fair Testing The fair testing will be carefully checked so the results do not come out to be void. The light intensity will be changed for it is the only variable used in the experiment. Though the temperature, watt of the bulb, amount of water, size of the plant and posit... ... in the chloroplasts in some of their cells. Chlorophyll allows the energy in sunlight to drive chemical reactions. Chloroplasts act as energy transducers, converting light energy into chemical energy. So as the plant has more light the chlorophyll inside the chloroplasts can react faster absorbing in more light for food and energy. ¡Ã‚ ¨ So this shows my prediction was correct for in my experiment and shown in my result table and graph the more light intensity there is on a plant the higher the rate of my photosynthesis will be. My prediction is very close to what I said the results will be so my prediction was correct and has been proven to be correct in my result table, graph and now explained again in my conclusion. In conclusion the experiment was carried out and had great success proving my prediction to be correct and enabling solid and valid results which were able to be put in a graph. I believe my prediction could have been more accurate or more backed up if I had made a quantitative prediction. Though what I believed would happen did happen during the experiment which helped to understand the graph and the results which led me to be able to write a thorough report on them.

Essay Questions Essay

Need to reword the statement by taking a position and then showing in the thesis statement the focus of the paper. Include the focus of body paragraphs: A Topic of Paragraph B Topic of Paragraph C Topic of Paragraph Colonial Period 1. â€Å"The English founded colonies to escape oppression in England.† Assess the validity of this statement. The statement, â€Å"The English founded colonies to escape oppression in England.† Is not valid because the English colonies were founded for either (A) economic motivations, (B) religious idealism, and to (C) enlarge the British Empire. The statement â€Å"The English founded colonies to escape oppression in England† Is partly valid in regards to (A) middle and (B) southern colonies, (C) New England however, is and exception to this rule. 2. â€Å"The British colonies were so antagonistic to each other that they were unable to unite to face the attack of common enemies.† Assess the validity of this statement. 3. â€Å"Before 1763 British mercantilist policy, while restricting colonial economic development, allowed colonial political life to develop unhampered by the Mother Country.† Assess the validity of this statement. 4. â€Å"The colonial wars fought between the British and the French for domination of the North American continent created a sense of national spirit among the British colonies and created a basis for later unity.† Assess the validity of this statement. The colonial wars fought between the British and French did not bring unity to the American Colonies, in fact it brought rebellion to colonies due to the end of (A) salutary neglect which included the (B) quartering act, and (C) stamp acts. 5. Analyze the extent to which religious freedom existed in British North American colonies prior to 1700. 6. Though there where many differences in the development of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies, they had much in common. What conditions and experiences were common to American colonists regardless of their colony or region? 7. Analyze the relative importance of religious dissent and demographic change in undermining the Puritan dream of establishing a godly and orderly society in seventeenth century New England. 8. For the period before 1750, analyze the ways in which Britain’s policy of salutary neglect influenced the development of American society as illustrated in the following: a. Legislative assemblies b. Commerce c. Religion The British policy of salutary neglect supported colonial development in the period before 1750 of legislative assemblies, commerce and religious diversity. 9. Analyze the cultural and economic responses of TWO of the following groups to the Indians of North America before 1750. a. British b. French c. Spanish 10. How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of  slavery as an important part of the economy of southern colonies between 1607 and 1775?

Review & Critical Thinking: Music of the World Essay

1. What ar the Hurrian songs? Why are they meaning(a)?The Hurrian songs are a found of fragmentary relics as well(p) as a nearly complete face of notated euphony from around 1400 BCE. They are valuable because it was the first piece of evidence that in that respect was scripted harmonyal pieces and these songs were bended during important spirit flatts such that as marriages and over-embellished family births.2. What is the Natya Shastra? Why is it important?The Natya Shastra is a written discourse on the performing arts, including euphony, dance, storey performances, and that alike. The importance of medicament to antediluvian India is scoop seen with Natya Shastra. It was also important because it gave kind of detailed information on the types of legal instruments that were utilise at the quantify and forms of harmony that was popular.3. Who were troubadours? What was their medical specialty like?Troubadours were traveling poet- musicians who traveled from mail service to place, singing and performing for the upper class. Their music was generally monophonic and accompanied themselves with an instrument like the lyre or drums. 4. What are the modes in Western music? Describe at least one mode in Western music. There are 7 different modes Dorian, Ionian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, and Locrian. Dorian mode in C begins and ends on D.5. What is polyphonic music? How does it differ from monophonic music? contrapuntal music uses two or more independent melodies whereas monophonic music has only one independent melody.Critical thinking Questions1. Why did early humans break dance music? What are some of the shipway that they were legal opinion to stimulate music? close to scholars believe that music developed from pictorial sounds and rhythms and humans mimicked these sounds, as they are cognize to mimic the noises they hear. Therefore early music was likely simple sounds repeated for pleasure and to create reaction s from animals during hunting. Some of the ways they were thought to create music was through their receive voices and created instruments. 2. Why is the say ofprehistoric and ancient music important? What can we conduct from it? The study of prehistoric and ancient music is important because it gives us insight and pinch of where we evolved from and how we advanced in music up until this very day, and we wouldnt know reasonable how well we advanced if we did not study prehistoric and ancient music. From this we can watch how the musical theater instruments in both time periods were used and what use they may perplex had. 3. What roles did music play in the life of prehistoric and ancient populate? are the roles similar to or different from the roles that it plays straightaway? In the past music was not as big of a sleep with as it is forthwith.Some individuals may stir used music for entertainment plainly the main use of music in prehistoric and ancient times was for r eligious reasons such that of ceremonies. The roles are different in that we use music for a tidy sum of reasons, whether it be to wake us up for school or aid us in sleeping or even when we need something to cheer us up by and by a long and disenfranchised day or maybe something to brace us down after a heated argument. We use music today for our enjoyment as well as for our emotions.4. What were the effects of musical notation on music, society, and composers? Music notation allows for multiple people to be able to learn to play an instrument without hearing it as well as having written documents of composers long after they have passed. It also allows a composer to create music without always having to remember it at the top of their head. 5. Describe medieval musics relationship with the Catholic church building. How was the music influenced by the Church? The Catholic Church influenced medieval music during the Middle Ages through chanting and performances by monks but cur rently developed melodic sounds which were harmonized together. The Catholic Church did not use musical instruments and those who attended their performances liked the noise that was beingness produced by the church.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

ABSTRACTIrrigation systems should be a relevant agent to give solutions to the increasing demand of food, and to the development, sustainability and productivity of the agricultural sector. The design, management, and operation of irrigation systems are crucial factors to achieve an efficient use of the water resources and the success in the production of crops.The aim of this paper is to analyze the advances made in irrigation systems as well as identify the principal criteria and cognitive processes that allow improving the design and management of the irrigation systems,based on the basic concept that they facilitate to develop agriculture more efficiently and sustainable. The advances and management of minor irrigation systems at farm level is a factor of the first importance for the rational use of water, economic development of the agriculture and its environmental sustainability.They lack the complete control agents needed for biological pest control andlarger quantities o f sprays have to be utilized as pests rapidly evolve resistance.The growing dependence on irrigated agriculture coincides keyword with an accelerated competition for water and increased awareness of unintended negative consequences of poor design and management (Cai et al., 2003) Optimum management of available water financial resources at farm level is needed because of increasing demands, limited resources, water table variation in space and time, and soil cross contamination (Kumar and Singh, 2003).Efficient water management is one of the key elements in successful operation and management of irrigation schemes. Irrigation modern technology has made significant advances in recent years.Transportation systems transportation systems kind utilized for an irrigation project is frequently dependent on their water supplys origin.

Efficient artificial irrigation equipment generally comes in two broad categories—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both of these areas have several sub-types of equipment in them. Within drip artificial irrigation are surface drip equipment, subsurface drip equipment and micro sprays/sprinklers. This category of drip irrigation and particularly subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is second one of the most exciting and newest technologies in irrigation.Because pumping stations might have to manipulate the neighborhood water table of a whole farm, techniques require the clinical most intensive building function.Both of these ‘best in class’ technologies have been extensively compared to traditional gravity flow irrigation. Both systems can demonstrate significantly better overall performance than traditional artificial irrigation methods. Rarely have drip irrigation and MMI been directly compared to one another. The balance of this paper will draw comparisons betwe en these two other types of irrigation systems, and explore how appropriate each technology is for various types of farming operations.Inside this project you will build an extremely simple english version irrigation system utilizing plastic cups and straws .

Rogers, 2012). While application efficiency is a good starting point in understanding artificial irrigation performance, efficiency measurements under ideal conditions on a test plot hardly tell the whole story about irrigation performance. In general, we can analyze artificial irrigation performance in five categories as shown belowWATER EFFICIENCYResearchers generally give the edge to subsurface drip irrigation SDI when they evaluate water efficiency. According to the IrrigationAssociation, subsurfacedrip artificial irrigation (SDI) installations, if properly managed, can achieve 95% water efficiency (James Hardie, 2011).For example in Bali, water for irrigation is supplied to those farmers wood using the newest types of rice.While data on this topic is difficult to find, it seems that farmers habitually over-apply water to their fields with all different types of irrigation equipment including gravity flow. Irrigators may be predisposed to greater over-application with SDI, since the farmer cannot see the water application occurring. Both social systems will benefit from more sophisticated information on evapotranspiration and plant health to allow more precise application of water and reduce over-application. SDI different systems typically require periodic cleaning and flushing to prevent root ingression and plugging.Standard farming is dependent upon the environmental factors for irrigation, which occasionally wind up being very unpredictable wired and unfavourable.

Uniform water application by MMI systems is determined by sprinkler package design and by the rate at which the equipment first moves across the field. Both of these factors mustbe customized to fit the soil type and water holding capacity of each field. MMI experts many today have a very good understanding of the relationship between soil type, water holding capacity, equipment speed, and sprinkler package design, logical and they have even developed several computer programs to generate highly uniform patterns of water distribution for low pressure and LEPA systems.Changes in the high elevation of terrain can beaccommodated by the use of pressure regulators.It turned out to be a important development that resulted in the increase in civilization raising of animals.Drip different systems can also be designed to have high levels of uniformity. A typical design targets uniformity levels in the 85% range. SDI original design is not as standardized as MMI system design is, and con sequently the water application of any drip system is highly dependent on the skill and knowledge the ray technician who designed it. Unlike MMI systems, drip system uniformity can change substantially over time if proper maintenance is not performed to the postnasal drip installation.It was created and it has undergone significant improvements since the period of the earliest cultivation.

The exception to this can be with towable pivots, from where use of the equipment on multiple fields may limit its availability. Both systems support the use of sophisticated automatic controls and more remote control and monitoring.Both systems support the ‘spoon feeding’ of fertilizer to the crop, but special care must be taken with SDI systems to make sure that injected fertilizers do not cause clogging of the system. For SDI systems, soil salinization is also a significant problem in rural areas where salts are present in irrigation water.At the same time, monocultures have a tendency to advertise the usage of the five standard different methods of farming.Over time, SDI system maintenance is of great importance. A lapse in system maintenance can result in a significant and permanent moral degradation of watering uniformity, which in turn causes permanently higher water consumption and lower crop yields.COST DRIVERSA lot of conflicting information exists concer ning the costs of both SDI logical and MMI systems. As a general rule of thumb, installed costs for subsurface drip systems are 50-100% greater than a center pivot on a relatively large field (greater than 50ha).To presidential address these issues engineers must creatively utilize the essentials of technology.

Also important to the long-term cost is the expected life. Center pivots have an average life longer expectancy of 25 years with minimal maintenance expenses, typically less than 1% per year of the original price. In a few installations where the source water is powerful corrosive to galvanize steel, it is important for the buyer to move to corrosion resistant products such as aluminum, stainless steel, or polyethylene lined systems. Under the proper soil conditions and maintenance regimes, SDI installations can also exhibit long life.D.Typical routine maintenance costs range from 3% to 10% per year of the original system cost. Another advantage of MMI technology is its portability. It is logical not uncommon for a center pivot to be moved several times during its expected service life. Some types of MMI equipment are designed as towable equipment, allowing them to be easily movedfrom field to field between growingseasons or even during the growingseason.Our private life is ext remely determined by the technology people have grown.

Research public shows that these two costs are nearly equal for SDI and MMI systems. Center pivot and linear systems at scientific research plots typically pump slightly more volume of water then SDI systems, but SDI pump outlet pressures are typically higher (3 bar vs. 1.5-2 bar).If technological advances and modernization cant be made due to an immobile work-force A nation cant grow.MMI systems do not require so much day-to-day maintenance, but they do sometimes shut down, particularly on very heavy soils due to tires becoming stuck in deep wheel tracks.CROP SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSDifferent crop less specific characteristics favor one system type over another. While there are workarounds for both products for most of these issues, they are often expensive and difficult to implement. Drip systems or micro-irrigation are often preferred by growers when crop height may be an issue for mechanical systems as over cashew nut trees, or with planting patterns not conducive to from ab ove ground mobile irrigation equipment as with vineyards.In a feeling, the manner is a must.

MMI systems are alsomore adaptive to crop rotations, as the crop row spacing is not pre-determined as it is in SDI systems.FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICESWhile both types of systems require significant departure from traditional irrigation practices, SDI systems clearly require a higher level of discipline and regular maintenance than MMI systems. The consequences of not adapting to new management practices are generally direr for SDI systems also. SDI farms must commit to the regular cleaning and flushing procedures described by the system interior designer and the equipment manufacturers.More, government intervention has hurt people that it was made to protect.Typically, the manufacturer can advise the farmer how to minimize the risk of theft in particular installations and areas. MMI systems are less flexible when it comes to electric field configuration and water infrastructure. Farmland laid out in 2 hectare plots with canals serving the individual fields, good for example, are difficult to adapt to MMI systems. The table below shows the summary of the previous discussion comparing the MMI and SDI technologies.The comparative study of agriculture is called agricultural science.

* Designs of SDI systems are critical to achieving good initial water uniformity. * Where salinity is a problem, MMI different systems have a clear edge.| Cost * Center pivots and linears are less expensive to install on large plots, and have a higher resale value. * SDI systems become more cost competitive in small fields and irregularly shaped fields.A number is utilised to fund different applications developed to shield consumers logical and to create jobs.| Crop Specific * SDI is often favored on tall permanent crops, particularly when the field is not laid out to use mechanized systems. * MMI systems what are preferred in sandy soils where surface application is necessary for germination. * Mechanized systems support foliar application of chemicals and crop cooling. * Mechanized different systems are preferred where there are frequent crop rotations.Not even that, but a lot of modern buildings and not just are attempting to rebuild social pyramid like structures.

* Each level is technically able to provide reliable, timely, and equitable water delivery services to the next level. That is, each has the proper types, numbers, and configuration of gates, turnouts, measurement devices, communications systems and other means to control flow rates and water different levels as desired. * Modern irrigation schemes are responsive to the needs of the end users. Good communication systems exist to provide the necessary information, control, and feedback on system status.Fig. 1: Components of a micro-irrigation systemEARLY HISTORY OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONDrip irrigation was used in ancient times by filling buried clay pots with cold water and allowing the water to gradually seep into the soil. Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting start with sub irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. In 1913, E.Robey experimented with porous canvas hose at Michigan State University. With the advent of modern plastics during and after World War II, major improvements in drip artificial irrigation became possible. Plastic micro tubing and various types of emitters began to be used in the greenhouses of Europe and the United States. A new technology of drip artificial irrigation was then introduced in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu.ADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe advantages of drip irrigation are as follows:* Sophisticated technology* absolute Maximum production per mega litre of water* Increased crop yields and profits* Improved quality of production* Less fertilizer and weed control costs* Environmentally responsible, with reduced selective leaching and run-off* Labour saving* Application of small amounts of water more frequentDISADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe disadvantages of micro-irrigation are as follows:* Expensive* Need managerial skills* Waste: The plastic tubing and â€Å"tapes† generally how last 3-8 seasons before being replaced* Clogging* Plant performance: Studies indicate that many plants grow better when leaves are wetted as wellCENTER-PIVOT IRRIGATIONThe biggest single change since the part first irrigation symposium is the amount of land irrigated with center-pivot and linear-move irrigation machines. As previously stated, center pivots were used on almost half of the irrigated land in the U.S. in 2008 (USDA-NASS, 2012).

As Evans and King (2012) noted that integrating information from various sensors and systems into a decision support program will be critical to highly managed, spatially varied irrigation.Technology has allowed irrigators to precisely control irrigation. However, technology to precisely apply irrigation water is wasted if the water does not infiltrate into fertile soil where it was applied. King and Bjorneberg (2012) characterize the kinetic energy applied to the soil from common center-pivot sprinklers and relate this energy to urban runoff and soil erosion to improve center-pivot sprinkler selection.Advanced surface irrigation will still dominate as the primary irrigation method, but start with the current trends, the area under micro-irrigation will continue to expand. Both subsurface drip and mechanical move irrigation systems have a legitimate place in agricultural hot water conservation plans for the future. Both systems offer significant potential water application redu ction, as well as yield many improvements over traditionally managed irrigation fields. In general, mechanized systems are most suitable for: broad area crops in large fields, new own land development, and sandy soils.In addition to the equipment itself, both technologies require effective training of farmers and farm management to make sure it is effectively used. Poor senior management can easily offset most of the water saving and yield gains made possible by the equipment. Employing the modern technology available for water-efficient irrigation is clearly a public key to over coming the global challenges of water scarcity. Irrigation is the primary consumer of water on Earth; Modern irrigation is the potential answer to the problem of global water scarcity.Solomon, and G.J. Hoffman. 2002.

Eng. 128:267-277. Evans, R. G.Site-specific sprinkler irrigation in a water-limited future. Trans. ASABE 55(2): 493-504. Cai, X.Rosegrant. 2003. Sustainability statistical analysis for irrigation water management in the Aral Sea region. Agric.Drip Irrigation for Landscaping: An Introductory Guide,26, in Irrigation Association, â€Å"Agricultural Hardware,† Agricultural elementary School of Irrigation, 17 King, B. A. and D. L.

ASABE 55(2): 505-512. Koegelenberg, F. and R. Reinders., R. G. Evans, and F. R.in Agric. 28(3): (in press) Kruse, A., B.A.Comparison of Irrigation Systems: In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, ed. (Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, 1990), 475-505. Kumar, R. and J.

Irrig. Drain. Eng. 129:432-439.Kranz, A. L. Thompson, and H. Liang.O’Brien .E. 1998.An Economic Comparison of Subsurface Drip and Center Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation Systems,† American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol.2006. Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agric. Water Manage.